Week 7 Initial Post Gadon
Week 7 Discussion Post
It is possible to calculate a number of measures of association (measures of effect) between exposure and disease (Friis & Sellers, 2021).The underlying premise is to figure out how much more (or how little) probable the cases are to be exposed than the controls (Friis & Sellers, 2021). Absolute effects, such as risk differences, are evaluated by comparing measures of disease frequency in exposed and non-exposed people (Friis & Sellers, 2021). The difference in illness frequency measures between the exposed segment of the population and the overall population is used to calculate the population risk difference (Friis & Sellers, 2021).
One example of measures of effect includes an environmental study published in 2019 by Jones et al. It investigated N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are generated endogenously following nitrate/nitrite ingestion, are putative colorectal carcinogens, however epidemiologic evidence of these connections was sparse. They calculated average exposures and years of exposure above one-half the US maximum contaminant level using historical nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) measurements and estimates of total trihalomethanes (TTHM), the sum of 5 or 6 haloacetic acids (HAAs), and individual DBPs in public water supplies (PWS). The findings imply that drinking water exposure to TTHM is linked to an elevated risk of rectal cancer. Positive results for individual THMs and HAAs in colon and rectal malignancies must be confirmed in additional research. They were not able to find an association with ingested nitrates.
A second example of measure of effect is a meta-analysis that reports on sedentary behavior and its association with colon cancer (Cong et al., 2014). In review of twenty-three studies with 63 reports the authors determined that subgroup analyses suggest a positive association with sedentary behavior and the res of rectal cancer in cohort studies.
It is crucial to investigate measures of effect. Extrapolation of individual study findings to a larger population is crucial (Friis & Sellers, 2021). If effect measures are not used, the ability to enhance population health will be hampered by a lack of risk factor reductions (Friis & Sellers, 2021).
References:
Cong, Y. J., Gan, Y., Sun, H. L., Deng, J., Cao, S. Y., Xu, X., & Lu, Z. X. (2014). Association of sedentary behaviour with colon and rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. British Journal of Cancer, 110(3), 817–826. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.709
Friis, R. and Sellers, R. (2021). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
Jones, R. R., DellaValle, C. T., Weyer, P. J., Robien, K., Cantor, K. P., Krasner, S., Beane Freeman, L. E., & Ward, M. H. (2019). Ingested nitrate, disinfection by-products, and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the Iowa Women’s Health Study cohort. Environment International, 126, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.010
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